| Former type | Private |
|---|---|
| Industry | Publication |
| Genre | Manga, Japanese light novels, graphic novels, original English-language manga |
| Fate | Active (Germany publishing division only) |
| Founded | Los Angeles, California, United States (1997) |
| Founder(s) | Stuart J. Levy |
| Defunct | 2011 (US publishing division) |
| Headquarters | Los Angeles, California, United States |
| Number of locations | 2 |
| Area served | Germany (active); United States, Japan (previously) |
| Key people | Stuart J. Levy, Founder, CEO, & CCO John Parker, President & COO Victor Chin, Vice President of Inventory Control Bill Josey, General Counsel & Vice President, Business and Legal Affairs Mike Kiley, Publisher[1] |
| Revenue | $35 million (2003)[2] |
| Parent | Mixx Entertainment |
| Website | German division: tokyopop.de |
Tokyopop, styled TOKYOPOP, and formerly known as Mixx, is a distributor, licensor, and publisher of anime, manga, manhwa, and Western manga-style works. The existing German publishing division produces German translations of licensed Japanese properties and original English-language manga, as well as original German-language manga. Tokyopop's defunct US publishing division previously published works in English and Japanese. Tokyopop formerly had its US headquarters in the Variety Building in Los Angeles, California,[3] and branches in the United Kingdom and Germany. Tokyopop products are available internationally.
On April 15, 2011 the ComicsBeat website announced that US publishing operations at Tokyopop would be shutting down on May 31, 2011; the German branch of the company would continue to publish for the international market.[4] Company president Stu Levy posted a farewell letter[5] on the American Tokyopop website; however, this site was redirected to the Tokyopop Facebook page[6] beginning in May, 2011.[7]
Tokyopop's official twitter account has recently stated that its "ultimate goal is to start publishing manga again". With this Stu Levy implies that they might restart publishing manga.[8]
Contents |
Tokyopop was originally founded in 1997 by Stuart J. Levy.[2] In the late 1990s the company headquarters were in Los Angeles.[9]
When the company was known as Mixx, it sold MixxZine, a manga magazine. Mixx also sold the shōjo manga anthology Smile. Mixxzine later became Tokyopop before it was discontinued. In 2002, Tokyopop began selling "unflopped" manga, branding it as "100% Authentic Manga”, which permitted Tokyopop to undercut other companies.[10] Matt Thorn characterises Tokyopop as "cutting corners on everything" in order to bring the price of manga below $10 per volume, cheap enough for children to buy, and says that this has spread to other US manga publishing companies.[11] In 2005, Tokyopop began a new, free publication called Manga (originally Takuhai) to feature their latest releases.
Tokyopop is one of the biggest manga publishers outside of Japan and as such has been attributed with popularizing manhwa in the United States. Brad Brooks and Tim Pilcher, authors of The Essential Guide to World Comics. London, said that Tokyopop "published many Korean artists' work, possibly without Western fans even realizing the strips don't come from Japan. Series like King of Hell by Kim Jae-hwan and Ra In-soo, and the Gothic vampire tale Model by Lee So-young are both Korean, but could easily be mistaken for manga."[12]
In March 2006, Tokyopop and HarperCollins Publishers announced a co-publishing agreement in which the sale and distribution rights of some Tokyopop manga and books, under this co-publishing license, would be transferred to HarperCollins in mid-June 2006. The agreement also enabled Tokyopop to produce original English-language manga (OEL) adaptations of HarperCollins' books. Meg Cabot's books were the first to be adapted into the manga format, along with the Warriors series by Erin Hunter.[13] The first line of Tokyopop-HarperCollins OEL manga was released in 2007 with the goal of publishing up to 24 titles each year.[14]
Tokyopop has released several series based on American games, films, and characters, such as Warcraft,[15][16] the Kingdom Hearts video game series, and Jim Henson films.[17] They released the first volume of a series based on the Hellgate: London video game in April 2008.[18]
In June 2008, the company announced that it was being restructured, with its name being changed to Tokyopop Group, a holding group for several new subsidiaries. The existing Tokyopop operations in the United States would be split into two subsidiaries: Tokyopop, Inc., and Tokyopop Media. Tokyopop, Inc., consists of the company's existing publications business, while Tokyopop Media focuses on the company's digital and comics-to-film works.[19] Tokyopop Media will also manage the Tokypop website, which will continue to promote its publications.[20] According to Tokyopop representative Mike Kiley, the division into two companies would allow the company to "set things up in ways that would very clearly and definitively allow those businesses to focus on what they need to do to succeed. The goals in each company are different and the achievement of those goals is more realistic, more possible if everyone working in each of those companies is very clearly focused."[20]
During the restructure, Tokyopop laid off 39 positions, equating to 35–40% of its total American workforce. Most of the positions cut were those involved in the direct publication of its books.[19][20] The publication output from Tokyopop, Inc., was scaled back. Tokyopop reported that it would be cutting the volumes released per year by approximately 50%, to an average of 20–22 volumes per month.[20][21][22]
Tokyopop's Japan division was also to be split, with one unit operating under Tokyopop Media and the other becoming a subsidiary under the overall Tokyopop Group.[22] In response to Tokyopop's restructuring, declining sales, and losing 20% of its manga market share, Tokyopop UK cut its publication release schedule from approximately 25 volumes a month to 20.[23]
In December 2008, citing "dramatically low sales" in the publishing industry as a whole, Tokyopop, Inc., laid off eight more employees, including three editors, and noted that the company would have to rearrange some of its upcoming publication schedules.[24][25]
Licenses from the Japanese manga publisher Kodansha historically were a large part of Tokyopop's catalog. In the years leading up to 2009, the number of Kodansha titles licensed by Tokyopop decreased. The final new Kodansha title was Tokko by Tohru Fujisawa, and the final batch of volumes of Kodansha titles appeared around March 2009. Around that time Kodansha began to consistently give licenses to its manga to Del Rey Manga. Deb Aoki of About.com said "Well, more or less. You get the idea. If you're the type who reads the tea leaves of the manga publishing biz, you kinda sensed that things weren't quite the same as they used to be."[26]
On August 31, 2009, Tokyopop announced that Japanese manga publisher Kodansha was allowing all of its licensing agreements with both the North American and German divisions of Tokyopop to expire for reasons unknown. Due to this loss in licensing, Tokyopop was forced to leave several Kodansha series unfinished, including popular series Rave Master, Initial D, GetBackers, and Life. It also would be unable to reprint any previously published volumes, rendering all Kodansha-owned Tokyopop releases out-of-print.[27]
Several other titles licensed and published by Tokyopop, including best sellers Cardcaptor Sakura, Chobits, Clover, and Magic Knight Rayearth, were reacquired by Dark Horse Comics, though two other titles Kodansha licensed to Dark Horse had since transferred to Random House.[26][27] Samurai Deeper Kyo was relicensed by competitor Del Rey Manga, a division of Random House, which published the remaining volumes of the series.[27]
Tokyopop said that it expected the loss of the licenses to have minimal impact on the company economically due to its diversification of their holdings over the last few years, though they acknowledged the loss would hurt fans of the ongoing series who face uncertainty about the completion of those titles from other companies. ICv2 reported that Tokyopop would continue to publish light novels from Kodansha, and that Kodansha appeared to be planning to publish its own titles through its partnership with Random House.[28]
In an interview with the website Anime Vice, Tokypop Marketing Manager Kasia Piekarz noted that the company was not entirely surprised by the move, stating, "It wasn't completely unexpected as we haven't licensed anything new from Kodansha in quite some time. What surprised us most was that they canceled licenses for series that were almost finished, such as Samurai Deeper Kyo and Rave Master. From a fan and collector's perspective, that doesn't make sense to us."[29]
In February 2011, the President and Chief Operating Officer, John Parker, resigned from the company and took the position of Vice President of Business Development for Diamond. This came shortly after Diamond became Tokyopop's new distributor, taking the business from Harper Collins. Tokyopop did not name a replacement for Parker. Parker's departure left only three remaining executives: the founder and CEO, Stuart Levy; Mike Kiley, Publisher; and Victor Chin, Vice President of Inventory.
On March 1, Tokyopop continued layoffs, removing many high-profile employees such as long-time manga editors Lilian Diaz-Przyhyl and Troy Lewter. Tokyopop's management also eliminated the position of Director of Sales Operations. In an interview with ICv2, Stuart Levy revealed that the layoffs were due to Borders Group, Tokyopop's largest customer, filing bankruptcy in March 2011, no longer carrying Tokyopop stock, and not paying debts that the company owed to Tokyopop.[30]
On April 15, 2011, Tokyopop announced that it would close its Los Angeles, CA-based North American publishing operations on May 31, 2011. According to the release, Tokyopop's film and television projects, as well as European publishing operations and global rights sales, will not be closing. However, it was later announced via the Tokyopop facebook pages that the UK branch would cease to operate after May 31st due to their reliance on the importing of the North American branch's product.[31] Stuart Levy, Tokyopop's founder, also released a personal statement reaffirming Tokyopop's role in introducing manga to the mainstream North American audience and thanking fans, creators, and employees for their dedication.[32] On May 24, Tokyopop stated that the manga they licensed would revert to their original respective owners, who may license the titles to other companies.[33]
In the summer of 2004, Tokyopop founded its first foreign branch in Germany, incorporated as Tokyopop GmbH and headquartered in Hamburg. The first manga and manhwa by Tokyopop Germany were published in November 2004, and the first anime in the fall of 2005. In 2006, Tokyopop GmbH entered a "strategic partnership" with the Japanese publisher Shueisha, allowing them to publish popular titles such as Death Note, and Bleach.[34] According to then-sales manager Vincent Lampert, Tokyopop GmbH was the second-largest manga publisher in Germany in 2010.[35] The company has also released a number of original German-language manga, including Gothic Sports, winner of a 2007 Sondermann award.[36] Tokyopop GmbH continues to operate as a publisher of German-language manga for the international market after the closure of the US publishing office.
Also in 2004, Tokyopop set up a London, UK, office that mainly imports books from the U.S. and distributes them to bookstores in the United Kingdom. Tokyopop released an anime collection in the United Kingdom market in late 2006, including titles such as Initial D and Great Teacher Onizuka. Vampire Princess Miyu was released on DVD by MVM Entertainment, and the Toonami television channel aired the first half of Rave Master in early 2005. It was announced via the official Tokyopop facebook page that because the UK branch mainly imported the North American branch's translated titles, the UK branch will become defunct. Levy also mentioned that the only branch left open would be the German office.[37][38]
Tokyopop also distributes some of their titles to Australia and New Zealand through Funtastic, who recently acquired Madman Entertainment. In Greece, Tokyopop-owned properties are licensed by Anubis Comics.
Blu Manga is an imprint under which Tokyopop publishes shōnen-ai and yaoi manga titles. The imprint was launched in 2005. Initially, the company denied that it owned Blu, stating that it was only distributing for another company. The company also released no editor names nor company contact info, out of fear there would be backlashes and hate mail from "moral crusaders."[39] In 2006, the company confirmed Blu was their own imprint.[39][40] Blu Manga consider that they have "non-girly" branding which has enabled the imprint, in a genre stereotypically by women for women, to reach out to a male or gay audience.[41] Early titles published by BLU were Earthian, Love Mode, and Shinobu Kokoro.[42]
Fans critical of possible mishandling of the Initial D property voiced concerns regarding "editorial changes" in the language localization of the manga and anime.[43] The changes included renaming of several characters and the removal of one character's involvement in enjo kōsai, a practice in Japan where younger women are paid to provide older men with companionship.[43][44] In a letter sent to Anime News Network, Tokyopop responded to the criticisms, noting that they felt the edits were necessary because they were marketing the series to a younger target audience than it was originally designed for in Japan. They also felt that the series would reach a larger audience if it had a broader American appeal.[43]
We also know that we have a responsibility to be true to the spirit of the original Japanese version of Initial D. So, we start having lots of late night sessions about how to present Initial D to the widest possible audience and yet still retain its core essence... We are passionate about anime and manga, and we believe in helping spread the word to as many people as we can.—Tokyopop Staff, Anime News Network[43]
The company alleviated some of the concerns by noting that the anime series would receive an "unedited, subtitled, Japanese language" DVD release. The manga series remained edited except for the first volume, which was accidentally printed before the editing decisions were made.[43]
The Tokyopop Tour is a web-based documentary series created to search for "America's Greatest Otaku." The company developed the idea for the Tour back in 2009. It was to feature a group of Tokyopop Interns, called the "Otaku Six" and Tokyopop's CEO, Stu Levy. Filming them as they traveled across America. The show was filmed in summer of 2010 documenting various "otaku" culture hotspots from July 1, 2010, to August 25, 2010.[45] Filming in over twenty-cities, in order of travel, Los Angeles, San Francisco, Salt Lake City, Denver, Dallas, Kansas City, Albuquerque, Phoenix, San Diego, Oklahoma, Nashville, Baltimore, Washington D.C., New York City, Philadelphia, Indianapolis, Louisville, Atlanta, New Orleans, and Chicago. The show was advertised as also a competition. Applicants were filmed all over the U.S in hopes of gaining the title "America's Greatest Otaku" and to win a trip to Japan.[46]
The Otaku Six cast mates involved in the web-based documentary series include:'[47][48][49]